Volcanic rock commonly known as pumice or porous basalt, also known as pumice rock, it is a dense porosity of molten magma condensed by volcanic eruption glassy lava, the porosity volume accounted for more than 50% of the volume of the rock.

Mica is a kind of rock forming mineral with hexagonal lamellar crystal shape and is one of the main rock forming minerals. Mica crystal has a layered structure inside, so it is lamellar crystal, mainly hexagonal lamellar crystal. Characteristics are insulation, high temperature resistance, the most used in industry is sericite, widely used in paint, paint, electrical insulation and other industries.

In addition to having all the advantages of ordinary coverings, polished coverings have high ornamental value like handicrafts, and the material is thick and the use year is longer, which is a high-grade covering product with practical value and appreciation value.

Light stone, also known as pumice or pumice rock, is named because of its more pores and small volume weight (0.3-0.4) and can float in water. Lite is a kind of porous, light glassy acid volcanic extrusive rock, its composition is equivalent to rhyolite. The surface of light stone is rough, the particle bulk weight is 450kg/m3, the loose bulk weight is about 250kg/m3, the porosity is 71.8-81%, and the water absorption is 50-60%.

Perlite is a commonly used building insulation material in the construction industry and is often used in external wall insulation. Perlite has strong water absorption and is easy to seep water and gain weight, and the outer layer needs to be a waterproof coating when it is usually used for external wall insulation.

Glass marbles are a small and beautiful toy, which can not only bring people fun, but also have many practical uses.

Fluorite (Fluorite) is also called fluorite. A mineral commonly found in nature that is symbiotic with many other minerals and occurs in many parts of the world, [1] with five effective varieties. The main component is calcium fluoride (CaFz). Crystallized into octahedrons and cubes. The crystal is glassy, bright and changeable color, brittle quality, Mohs hardness of 4, melting point of 1360℃, with complete cleavage properties. Some samples can emit light when subjected to friction, heating, ultraviolet irradiation, etc.

Features: 1, uniform particles. 2. Gorgeous color. 3, acid and alkali resistance. 4. High temperature and water resistance. 5. Wear-resistant altar corrosion-resistant

Quartz stone is a non-metallic mineral, which is a hard, wear-resistant and chemically stable silicate mineral. The color of quartz sand is milky white, or colorless translucent, Mohs hardness 7.Quartz sand is an important industrial mineral raw material, non-chemical dangerous goods, widely used in glass, casting, ceramics and fireproof materials, smelting ferrosilicon, metallurgical flux, metallurgy, construction, chemical industry, plastics, rubber, abrasives, filter media and other industries.

Mica is a kind of rock forming mineral with hexagonal lamellar crystal shape and is one of the main rock forming minerals. Mica crystal has a layered structure inside, so it is lamellar crystal, mainly hexagonal lamellar crystal. Characteristics are insulation, high temperature resistance, the most used in industry is sericite, widely used in paint, paint, electrical insulation and other industries.

A geological, mineralogical, and geochemical characterization of the Tamame de Sayago (Zamora, Spain) deposit was carried out with the aim of knowing the conditions that facilitated the genesis in the same deposit of kaolinite and smectites. The alteration processes affecting a Variscan granite were deduced throughout the study of a very wide group of representative samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analyses of major, minor, and trace elements, as well as δ18O, δ34S stable isotope and K/Ar dating analyses. In addition, 2D and 2.5D graphs of the kaolinite and smectite isoconcentrations were obtained from core data. According to the color and texture, two different clayey rock types were identified and named as homogeneous alteration zones (ZAHO) and heterogeneous alteration zones (ZAHE). The ZAHO are regoliths in which the granite texture is preserved, and the feldspars are almost completely kaolinized. In the ZAHE, the original texture of the granitic rock is lost, and the main clay mineral is smectite. The mineralogical composition is similar, with kaolinite, smectite, mica, quartz, scarce feldspar, and occasionally natroalunite and APS (aluminum-phosphate-sulphate); however, the mineral concentration varies considerably because ZAHO are rich in kaolin areas whereas ZAHE are bentonitic areas. Both rock types contain numerous veins and nodules. The weathering of the Paleozoic granite alongside the absence of sedimentation during the Mesozoic led to the formation of kaolinite that is preserved in ZAHO materials. Nonetheless, during the Cretaceous–Tertiary transit, the conditions of tectonic stability varied. Late Variscan faults reactivated which allowed the percolation of Mg- and Ca-rich hydrothermal fluids through the already kaolinized granite, increasing the alteration of the primary silicates and leading to the formation of smectites in ZAHE materials. The amount of smectites is greater closer to the faults. The stable isotopes indicate the meteoric nature of the low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The K/Ar data obtained from the natroalunite of veins indicate that those hydrothermal fluids circulated in different pulses from 66.4 ± 1.7 to 58.8 ± 1.5 Ma, as a minimum. Those ages are coincident with the first formation stages of the Duero Basin.

Kaolin and bentonite (nanoclay NM-600) are nanostructured aluminosilicates that share a similar chemical composition, platelet-like morphology, and high binding capacity for biomolecules. To investigate if these material-based criteria allow for a common grouping, we prepared particle suspensions of kaolin and bentonite with a similar hydrodynamic diameter and administered them to NR8383 alveolar macrophages in vitro and also to a rat lung using quartz DQ12 as a reference material. Bentonite was far more bioactive in vitro, indicated by a lower threshold for the release of enzymes, tumor necrosis factor α, and H2O2. In addition, in the lung, the early effects of bentonite exceeded those of kaolin and even those of quartz, due to strongly increased numbers of inflammatory cells, and elevated concentrations of total protein and fibronectin within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The pro-inflammatory effects of bentonite decreased over time, although assemblies of particle-laden alveolar macrophages (CD68 positive), numerous type-2 epithelial cells (immunopositive for pro-surfactant protein C), and hypertrophic lung epithelia persisted until day 21. At this point in time, kaolin-treated lungs were completely recovered, whereas quartz DQ12 had induced a progressive inflammation. We conclude that bentonite is far more bioactive than equally sized kaolin. This argues against a common grouping of aluminosilicates, previously suggested for different kaolin qualities.Keywords: nanotoxicology, aluminosilicate, alveolar macrophage, intratracheal instillation

Some mica mines provide no protection, support, or any kind of safety measures for the children – some as young as 5 years old – or the adults who work in the mines. Brutally harsh conditions and extremely long days in the hot sun are some of the things that wait for the people that work there.  Small children are forced to go down the narrow shafts, some as much as 15-30 metres deep to get to the mica that the adults can’t reach. Cuts, broken bones, serious injury, and at times death are all part of the everyday risks they are forced to take due to unstable mineshafts and injuries from the tools used. Many children have died and seen their family members die on the mines. All for just a wage of between 25-50c (USD) per day, depending on how much they can dig up. 1kg of mined mica will get the miners 8c (USD) but will get $1000 (USD) on the international market. As consumers, you all have the power to demand ethical transparency from the brands you use and support. Raising awareness and asking questions about sourcing and ingredients will start important conversations and force brands to raise their awareness and their ethical game. 

Medical stone is a kind of natural ore with porous, light weight and high temperature resistance. It is widely used in the fields of building materials, agriculture, horticulture, fireproof materials and industrial filtration, and plays an important role.

Bentonite is a clay that is available as a supplement. The primary ingredient in bentonite is hydrated aluminum silicate. Other nutrients in bentonite include calcium, magnesium, and iron, the composition of which varies according to the geographical location in which it is found.Once in the body, bentonite easily absorbs water. It remains in the digestive tract and is believed to bind and inactivate toxins and promote their excretion.1Alternate Names: Bentonite clay, montmorillonite

Uses of kaolin Pure kaolin has high whiteness, soft quality, easy to disperse suspended in water, good plasticity and high cohesiveness, excellent electrical insulation properties; It has good acid solubility, low cation exchange capacity, good fire resistance and other physical and chemical properties.

Volcanic stone (volcanic rock or pumice) is a kind of glassy lava with dense pores formed by the rapid expansion of internal gas due to the sharp reduction of pressure after the sudden cooling of magma during the volcanic eruption. The pore volume accounts for more than 50% of the rock volume. It is called pumice because of its many pores, light weight and ability to float on the surface of the water. It is characterized by high strength, heat preservation, heat insulation, sound absorption, fire protection, acid and alkali resistance, corrosion resistance, and no pollution, no radioactivity.

Perlite is widely used in horticulture and agriculture, often used to improve soil structure, increase soil ventilation and water retention, help the growth of flower roots, suitable for plants that like dry and aerated environment, such as cacti, succulents, orchids, etc., not suitable for plants that like moist environment, such as aloe vera, bromeliads, etc.

Its pure kaolin is white, delicate, soft soil, with good plasticity and fire resistance and other physical and chemical properties. Its mineral composition is mainly composed of kaolinite, Eloite, hydromica, illite, montmorillonite, quartz, feldspar and other minerals. Kaolin is widely used, mainly for paper making, ceramics and refractory materials, followed by paint, rubber fillers, enamel glaze and white cement raw materials, a small amount of plastic, paint, pigments, grinding wheels, pencils, daily cosmetics, soap, pesticides, medicine, textile, petroleum, chemical, building materials, national defense and other industrial sectors.

White clay or kaolin is a rock powder originally discovered in China on the Kao-ling hill with multiple uses thanks to its multiple properties and versatility. Initially it was used for therapeutic purposes, but its magnificent properties extended its use to a cosmetic level as well. In the cosmetic environment it is used as an ingredient thanks to its multiple benefits, among which its purifying, calming and revitalizing effect stands out. Furthermore, among the benefits of white clay, you knew that it is suitable for all skin types and also has a pH very similar to that of our skin. Surely you already know that there are countless types of clay such as green, red, pink and black. But we are going to focus on the white one because this product has proven very useful in fighting very common skin problems.