In addition to having all the advantages of ordinary coverings, polished coverings have high ornamental value like handicrafts, and the material is thick and the use year is longer, which is a high-grade covering product with practical value and appreciation value.

Perlite is a commonly used building insulation material in the construction industry and is often used in external wall insulation. Perlite has strong water absorption and is easy to seep water and gain weight, and the outer layer needs to be a waterproof coating when it is usually used for external wall insulation.

Glass marbles are a small and beautiful toy, which can not only bring people fun, but also have many practical uses.

Fluorite (Fluorite) is also called fluorite. A mineral commonly found in nature that is symbiotic with many other minerals and occurs in many parts of the world, [1] with five effective varieties. The main component is calcium fluoride (CaFz). Crystallized into octahedrons and cubes. The crystal is glassy, bright and changeable color, brittle quality, Mohs hardness of 4, melting point of 1360℃, with complete cleavage properties. Some samples can emit light when subjected to friction, heating, ultraviolet irradiation, etc.

Features: 1, uniform particles. 2. Gorgeous color. 3, acid and alkali resistance. 4. High temperature and water resistance. 5. Wear-resistant altar corrosion-resistant

Quartz stone is a non-metallic mineral, which is a hard, wear-resistant and chemically stable silicate mineral. The color of quartz sand is milky white, or colorless translucent, Mohs hardness 7.Quartz sand is an important industrial mineral raw material, non-chemical dangerous goods, widely used in glass, casting, ceramics and fireproof materials, smelting ferrosilicon, metallurgical flux, metallurgy, construction, chemical industry, plastics, rubber, abrasives, filter media and other industries.

A geological, mineralogical, and geochemical characterization of the Tamame de Sayago (Zamora, Spain) deposit was carried out with the aim of knowing the conditions that facilitated the genesis in the same deposit of kaolinite and smectites. The alteration processes affecting a Variscan granite were deduced throughout the study of a very wide group of representative samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analyses of major, minor, and trace elements, as well as δ18O, δ34S stable isotope and K/Ar dating analyses. In addition, 2D and 2.5D graphs of the kaolinite and smectite isoconcentrations were obtained from core data. According to the color and texture, two different clayey rock types were identified and named as homogeneous alteration zones (ZAHO) and heterogeneous alteration zones (ZAHE). The ZAHO are regoliths in which the granite texture is preserved, and the feldspars are almost completely kaolinized. In the ZAHE, the original texture of the granitic rock is lost, and the main clay mineral is smectite. The mineralogical composition is similar, with kaolinite, smectite, mica, quartz, scarce feldspar, and occasionally natroalunite and APS (aluminum-phosphate-sulphate); however, the mineral concentration varies considerably because ZAHO are rich in kaolin areas whereas ZAHE are bentonitic areas. Both rock types contain numerous veins and nodules. The weathering of the Paleozoic granite alongside the absence of sedimentation during the Mesozoic led to the formation of kaolinite that is preserved in ZAHO materials. Nonetheless, during the Cretaceous–Tertiary transit, the conditions of tectonic stability varied. Late Variscan faults reactivated which allowed the percolation of Mg- and Ca-rich hydrothermal fluids through the already kaolinized granite, increasing the alteration of the primary silicates and leading to the formation of smectites in ZAHE materials. The amount of smectites is greater closer to the faults. The stable isotopes indicate the meteoric nature of the low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The K/Ar data obtained from the natroalunite of veins indicate that those hydrothermal fluids circulated in different pulses from 66.4 ± 1.7 to 58.8 ± 1.5 Ma, as a minimum. Those ages are coincident with the first formation stages of the Duero Basin.

When searching for effective skincare ingredients, the ground may not be the first place that comes to mind. But, clays (which are essentially types of dirt) are well known for their amazing cleansing and purifying properties. Natural clays have been used on the skin for centuries, and continue to be a popular ingredient in products today.In general, clays are soft, fine-grained mineral substances. There are different types of clay which vary in composition depending on the origin. While the properties of each clay varies, they are most commonly used in skincare because of their absorption properties. When applied, clay pulls oil from the skin, leaving it balanced and clean.Depending on your skin type, one clay may be better suited for your skin than another. For example, kaolin clay is a fine-grained clay with mild absorption properties, which makes it better for dry to normal skin. On the other hand, French green clay and bentonite clay have stronger absorption properties, making them a good fit for oily skin.

Kaolin and bentonite (nanoclay NM-600) are nanostructured aluminosilicates that share a similar chemical composition, platelet-like morphology, and high binding capacity for biomolecules. To investigate if these material-based criteria allow for a common grouping, we prepared particle suspensions of kaolin and bentonite with a similar hydrodynamic diameter and administered them to NR8383 alveolar macrophages in vitro and also to a rat lung using quartz DQ12 as a reference material. Bentonite was far more bioactive in vitro, indicated by a lower threshold for the release of enzymes, tumor necrosis factor α, and H2O2. In addition, in the lung, the early effects of bentonite exceeded those of kaolin and even those of quartz, due to strongly increased numbers of inflammatory cells, and elevated concentrations of total protein and fibronectin within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The pro-inflammatory effects of bentonite decreased over time, although assemblies of particle-laden alveolar macrophages (CD68 positive), numerous type-2 epithelial cells (immunopositive for pro-surfactant protein C), and hypertrophic lung epithelia persisted until day 21. At this point in time, kaolin-treated lungs were completely recovered, whereas quartz DQ12 had induced a progressive inflammation. We conclude that bentonite is far more bioactive than equally sized kaolin. This argues against a common grouping of aluminosilicates, previously suggested for different kaolin qualities.Keywords: nanotoxicology, aluminosilicate, alveolar macrophage, intratracheal instillation

Natural clays have been used to heal skin infections since the earliest recorded history. Recently our attention was drawn to a clinical use of French green clay (rich in Fe-smectite) for healing Buruli ulcer, a necrotizing fasciitis (‘flesh-eating’ infection) caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. These clays and others like them are interesting as they may reveal an antibacterial mechanism that could provide an inexpensive treatment for this and other skin infections, especially in global areas with limited hospitals and medical resources.Microbiological testing of two French green clays, and other clays used traditionally for healing, identified three samples that were effective at killing a broad-spectrum of human pathogens. A clear distinction must be made between ‘healing clays’ and those we have identified as antibacterial clays. The highly adsorptive properties of many clays may contribute to healing a variety of ailments, although they are not antibacterial. The antibacterial process displayed by the three identified clays is unknown. Therefore, we have investigated the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the antibacterial clays for comparison with non-antibacterial clays in an attempt to elucidate differences that may lead to identification of the antibacterial mechanism(s).The two French green clays used to treat Buruli ulcer, while similar in mineralogy, crystal size, and major element chemistry, have opposite effects on the bacterial populations tested. One clay deposit promoted bacterial growth whereas another killed the bacteria. The reasons for the difference in antibacterial properties thus far show that the bactericidal mechanism is not physical (e.g., an attraction between clay and bacteria), but by a chemical transfer or reaction. The chemical variables are still under investigation.Cation exchange experiments showed that the antibacterial component of the clay can be removed, implicating exchangeable cations in the antibacterial process. Furthermore, aqueous leachates of the antibacterial clays effectively kill the bacteria. Progressively heating the clay leads first to dehydration (200°C), then dehydroxylation (550°C or more), and finally to destruction of the clay mineral structure by (~900°C). By identifying the elements lost after each heating step, and testing the bactericidal effect of the heated product, we eliminated many toxins from consideration (e.g., microbes, organic compounds, volatile elements) and identified several redox-sensitive refractory metals that are common among antibacterial clays. We conclude that the pH and oxidation state buffered by the clay mineral surfaces is key to controlling the solution chemistry and redox related reactions occurring at the bacterial cell wall.

Some mica mines provide no protection, support, or any kind of safety measures for the children – some as young as 5 years old – or the adults who work in the mines. Brutally harsh conditions and extremely long days in the hot sun are some of the things that wait for the people that work there.  Small children are forced to go down the narrow shafts, some as much as 15-30 metres deep to get to the mica that the adults can’t reach. Cuts, broken bones, serious injury, and at times death are all part of the everyday risks they are forced to take due to unstable mineshafts and injuries from the tools used. Many children have died and seen their family members die on the mines. All for just a wage of between 25-50c (USD) per day, depending on how much they can dig up. 1kg of mined mica will get the miners 8c (USD) but will get $1000 (USD) on the international market. As consumers, you all have the power to demand ethical transparency from the brands you use and support. Raising awareness and asking questions about sourcing and ingredients will start important conversations and force brands to raise their awareness and their ethical game. 

Medical stone is a kind of natural ore with porous, light weight and high temperature resistance. It is widely used in the fields of building materials, agriculture, horticulture, fireproof materials and industrial filtration, and plays an important role.

Bentonite clay adsorbs -- it attracts particles, like dirt on your skin. It also absorbs -- it takes in a lot of water. It’s used for face masks, and it’s also what makes pet litter clump.Bentonite has a high cation exchange capacity. That means clay, which has a negative charge, can attract positively charged ions. Those are minerals like magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Bentonite also has aluminum and silica.

Geophagy has been considered as an adaptive behavior in humans and animals (1) and the clays have been considered the healing materials from ancient times. As geophagia is an occasionally habits of animals and humans (babies and pregnant women), physiologically it is assumed that earth might have some beneficial effects on body function. Bentonite is absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate clay. It is named after Fort Benton, Wyoming where its largest sources are found. Its other name, Montmorillonite clay, stems from the region of France called Montmorillon, where it was first found. It has been used and eaten from ancient time till now as human believes in its therapeutic benefits. When it is mixed with water a paste is formed which has been used both externally and internally. In some places such as Iran, it has been widely used as a hair cleanser from old time. There is enough literature showing its safety after chronic oral consumption (2–6). As this clay is abundant, non-expensive and natural, this article aimed to review the scientific papers reporting the effects of this clay on body.

Bentonite Clay is the new natural beauty product that everyone is talking about. But Bentonite Clay is not a new product, it has been used for centuries by many ancient cultures including Indigenous Australians and North Americans, and the ancient Aztecs. Egyptians even used Bentonite to preserve their mummies. Today, the powerful cleansing and purifying properties of this natural product are still relevant and this has made Bentonite a highly sought-after product for those interested in natural beauty and wellness products.

If you're the type of person who slathers activated charcoal on your face, you've certainly heard of bentonite clay (also known as calcium bentonite clay). This multipurpose powder—made from volcanic ash that's been aged in prehistoric sea beds—is an ingredient in everything from beautifying hair and face masks to tonics.But does it actually work? History certainly makes a compelling case, as does some compelling research. While this is all encouraging, it still doesn't mean that bentonite clay delivers on every one of its head-to-toe, health-boosting claims or that it's safe to consume. So we dove into the research to help set the record straight. 

It is generally OK to apply bentonite clay on your skin and hair as long as you do not get any allergic reaction. Therefore, before applying on a large part of your face or skin, apply only a little bit first. As the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate the production and labeling of cosmetics, it is difficult to say how the products that contain bentonite clay will turn out after their use. Therefore, you need to try them out by yourself.There are two reports of bentonite clay causing low potassium levels (hypokalemia)—one in a cat and the other one in a girl after oral consumption. But the side effects can be attributed to the intake of excessive quantities of bentonite clay.

In recent years, bentonite clay has become increasingly popular as a natural solution for various health and beauty issues. This ancient substance, known for its remarkable properties, has found a place in modern medicine and skincare routines. In this article, we will explore the origins of bentonite clay, its composition, and its many benefits. Additionally, we will discuss how to use bentonite clay effectively, the precautions to consider, and its role in alternative medicine. 

Bentonite is a clay that is available as a supplement. The primary ingredient in bentonite is hydrated aluminum silicate. Other nutrients in bentonite include calcium, magnesium, and iron, the composition of which varies according to the geographical location in which it is found.Once in the body, bentonite easily absorbs water. It remains in the digestive tract and is believed to bind and inactivate toxins and promote their excretion.1Alternate Names: Bentonite clay, montmorillonite

In recent times, Bentonite Clay has generated serious buzz in the beauty world. From purifying Bentonite Clay face masks to Bentonite charcoal toothpaste that claims to whiten and brighten your smile, this superstar ingredient has started appearing in all kinds of natural products. In our opinion, it's well worth the hype.Suitable for internal and external use, Bentonite Clay has a range of health benefits spanning from improved immune health and restored vitamin and mineral levels to healthier, more radiant skin. Not convinced? Read on to learn all about Bentonite Clay and the top 5 benefits it can offer your skin, body, and teeth today!